Skip to content

Wallet-Linked IBAN Accounts for EMIs

In short

A wallet-linked IBAN gives a customer a euro account number in their own name: SEPA payments into it arrive as e-money tokens at a wallet address the customer controls, and a signed order has the issuer burn tokens and pay euros out by SEPA. The license sits with the credit institution or e-money institution that issues the token. Protofire builds the product side: signed address binding for wallets and Safe accounts, sanctions and Travel Rule hooks, daily reconciliation of e-money against token supply and 24/7 operations, plus mint and burn orchestration for an issuer's own token.

Luis Medeiros

Reviewed by Luis Medeiros, Field CTO at ProtofireLast reviewed: October 2026

$2B+
secured across the 120+ EVM networks where we deployed Safe
1M+
developers use Solhint, the Solidity linter we maintain
60+
networks integrated
Trusted by teams building on-chain

A wallet-linked IBAN is a euro account number in the customer's own name, bound to a blockchain address the customer controls. A SEPA transfer into the IBAN reaches that address as an e-money token, issued at par by the institution behind the account, and tokens the customer redeems with a signed order are burned and paid out by SEPA.

The token behind most public examples is Monerium's EURe, which our euro stablecoins guide compares with six other euro e-money tokens.

Protofire builds the system behind that account, for the institution that issues the token or for the firm whose app the customer uses. The euros stay with the licensed issuer and the IBAN provider, which carry the regulatory duties, and in a self-custody design only the customer holds the keys. Rules and issuer documentation are cited as read on 18 October 2026.

What runs behind a wallet-linked IBAN

A SEPA credit enters at the payment layer and leaves as a token at a bound address; a signed redeem order travels back the same way. Reconciliation compares the two legs every day, and operations covers nights and weekends.

01

Customer app

Where the customer onboards, sees the IBAN and signs each binding and redeem order.
02

Onboarding and binding

Identity data for the issuer's KYC, and a signed ownership proof for every address, from a wallet key or a smart account.
03

Payment layer

SEPA and SEPA Instant credits in and payouts out, payee name checks and remittance data.
04

Mint and redeem orchestration

Matches each credit to a customer and an address, requests the mint and checks every signed redeem order.
05

Screening

Daily sanctions checks on customers, screening of addresses and incoming tokens, and Travel Rule data with the ownership evidence from binding.
06

Ledger and reconciliation

The e-money ledger, the safeguarding accounts and token supply on each chain.
07

Operations

Monitoring of payments, webhooks, mints, burns and chain events, with a runbook for each incident type.
01

How does money move through a wallet-linked IBAN?

The six steps are the same whoever issues the token. On a licensed issuer's rail the issuer runs steps 3 to 6 and your system follows them through its API; on your own e-money token, your systems run them.

1

Onboard and bind

The customer completes KYC with the issuing institution, often from inside a partner's app that passes the identity data on, then proves control of the address that will receive tokens by signing a fixed message.
2

Get the IBAN

Once the profile is approved and an address is bound, the institution provisions a euro IBAN in the customer's name and records the address and chain it mints to.
3

Euros arrive

Anyone in SEPA can pay the IBAN by standard or instant credit transfer. The SEPA Regulation bars a payer from requiring the payee's account to sit in a particular EU country (Article 9), so a payer in another member state cannot refuse the IBAN because of its country code.
4

Tokens are minted

The issuer matches the credit to the IBAN, records it as e-money and mints the same amount at par to the bound address. On Monerium's rail, a payment memo in the form chain:address sends the mint to another address the customer has bound.
5

The customer redeems

To pay out, the wallet signs an order naming the amount, the destination IBAN and a timestamp, and the issuer checks that signature against the bound address.
6

Euros leave

The issuer burns the tokens and sends the SEPA credit transfer, instant where the receiving bank supports SEPA Instant. Both the e-money ledger and the chain now show the movement for the daily reconciliation.
02

What are the six parts of a wallet-linked IBAN build?

On a licensed issuer's rail the six parts below connect your product to the issuer's e-money, IBAN, mint and burn; on your own e-money token, they run around your own issuance. Message formats, webhook signing and burn permissions below follow Monerium's public documentation and contract source, while the design rules (bind before the IBAN, key every mint to its credit, reconcile three records daily) apply whichever institution issues the token.

The onboarding flow we build requests the IBAN only after the customer has signed for the address that the IBAN's payments will be minted to. A wallet key signs a fixed message, which Monerium's documentation gives as "I hereby declare that I am the address owner." A Safe or another smart account signs through its owners, and the institution verifies the result with EIP-1271, the standard by which a contract confirms a signature made on its behalf. Owners who cannot sign offchain can approve the message onchain instead. Each signature is stored with the binding as evidence, and moving an IBAN to a new address or chain takes a new one.

03

What went wrong in the Gnosis Pay exploit, and how does our binding check avoid the same flaw?

Under EIP-1271, a contract confirms a valid signature by returning one fixed value. In its incident analysis of the 1 June 2026 exploit of Gnosis Pay's Delay module, CertiK found that the module read signature data from attacker-controlled calldata, so verification reached contracts that always returned that value. The binding service we build accepts that value only from the bound account itself and treats a reverted call as a failed check.

04

Should you issue your own e-money token or use a licensed issuer's rail?

The two shapes differ in who mints the token and who provides the IBAN, and our work covers both. A payment institution cannot issue e-money (E-Money Directive Articles 1(1) and 10), so it works on a licensed issuer's rail, as does a fintech without an e-money license. PSD3, which would fold e-money institutions into payment institutions, is agreed but not yet in force. An e-money institution or a bank can issue its own token.

A licensed issuer's rail
Your own e-money token
Who mints and burns
The issuer's system, on a settled credit or a signed redeem order; your system follows its webhooks
Your orchestration service, under a mint authority your risk owners set, after the credit settles in your safeguarding account
Where the IBANs come from
The issuer provisions a named IBAN per customer through its API
Your own IBANs, or a partner bank's IBANs or virtual IBANs under your master account
KYC
Your app collects identity data and passes it to the issuer under KYC sharing or reliance; the issuer approves
Your own onboarding and AML program
Token contract
The issuer's, on the chains it supports
Yours: roles, mint limits, pause, upgrade path and audit, on the chains you choose
What reconciliation checks against
The issuer's order records and the chain
Your e-money ledger, your safeguarding accounts and the chain
Payee checks and instant payments
The issuer's duty as the payment service provider for the account; your product shows the results
Your duty: Verification of Payee, instant send and receive, and daily sanctions screening of your users
05

Which rules change the build?

Three EU rules set parts of the design: when payments must run, how users are screened, and whether the product may hold or move customers' tokens.

01

SEPA Instant and payee checks

Euro-area e-money and payment institutions must send and receive instant euro transfers by 9 April 2027, and Verification of Payee has applied to euro-area payment service providers, e-money institutions included, since 9 October 2025, under the Instant Payments Regulation. Mint and redemption therefore run at any hour, and each IBAN returns the customer's own name to a payee check. The EBA's report on virtual IBANs flags how the payee check applies when a virtual IBAN's user is not the holder of the master account behind it. A design that puts virtual IBANs under your master account has to answer that case.

02

Daily sanctions screening

A provider offering instant credit transfers checks all its users against EU targeted financial sanctions at least once every calendar day and right after any new listing, instead of screening each payment (Article 5d, since 9 January 2025). The chain leg carries the gap Pooja Shah, Head of Product at Rain, described on The Protocol Roundtable: "one leg of the transaction is onchain and you don't really know who are the parties that have transacted up until the point of the off-ramp." On that leg we screen the addresses that send tokens to a customer, and EURe's contracts let the issuer blacklist an address so it can no longer send or receive the token. Our compliance integration service connects the screening vendor you use.

03

Holding or moving customers' tokens

The EBA has asked national supervisors to treat custody of e-money tokens, and their transfer on behalf of clients, as PSD2 payment services (EBA, June 2025). Since the EBA's transition period ended in early March 2026 (EBA, February 2026), a firm that holds customers' keys or moves their tokens needs a payment license or a partnership with a licensed payment provider on top of MiCA. A design in which only the customer signs keeps the product close to non-custodial wallet software, which MiCA leaves outside its scope (Recital 83).

06

Who runs wallet-linked IBANs today?

Most public examples run on one rail. In October 2026 Monerium, an Icelandic e-money institution that issues the EURe token, names Gnosis Pay, MetaMask Card, Safe, Rebind and Bleap among the products on its rail. Every verified customer on the rail has a euro IBAN in their own name, bound to a chain address, and Monerium's partner FAQ says the IBAN is "not a shared or pooled account".

The IBAN sits with the issuer, so it can outlive the app on top of it. Gnosis Pay announced on 21 September 2026 that it would close its consumer card and, except for withdrawals, its web app on 20 December 2026, and its help center says its users' Monerium IBANs keep working.

07

How does the account model go live?

1

Agree the account model

We settle with you which shape fits, which wallets and chains the product supports, how binding and rebinding work, and what happens to a credit that cannot be matched. Deliverables: the money-flow design, a reconciliation specification that names who resolves each type of break, and the evidence your compliance team keeps per customer and address.
2

Run the money flow in test

We build binding, matching, the mint and redemption flow, screening hooks, reconciliation and the customer screens against the issuer's sandbox or your own test systems. If you issue your own token, its contracts go through Solhint, internal review and an external audit. Deliverable: test IBANs that receive, mint, redeem and pay out end to end, and a reconciliation report for every test day.
3

A pilot month with real euros

A closed group of customers holds real IBANs under low limits and pays in, redeems and moves tokens between chains for a full calendar month, so reconciliation and support meet real cases before launch. Deliverable: a reconciled pilot month and the evidence for the go-live decision.
4

Wider launch

Onboarding opens in the waves you choose, and each wave's limits are set from the reconciliation breaks and support cases of the wave before. Deliverable: wallet-linked IBAN accounts live for your customers.
5

Keep it running

We handle monitoring, incident response, chain upgrades and issuer API changes under runbooks you have signed off, and hand those runbooks to your team whenever it takes the work over. Deliverable: a runbook entry for every incident type, kept current while the accounts run.
08

Which accounts and payment flows can the system carry?

Personal euro accounts in a self-custody wallet, one IBAN per customer
Company treasury on a Safe that receives and sends SEPA payments
Salary and invoice income that lands in the wallet as euro tokens
Supplier and payroll payouts by SEPA, signed from the company's wallet
Statements that show each bank payment beside its onchain transaction
09

Which wallet and smart-account work does Protofire bring?

We deployed Safe on 120+ EVM networks and maintain those deployments, and our account abstraction service builds ERC-4337 smart accounts with paymasters and session keys; any of them that implements EIP-1271 binds the way a Safe does. The chain half of the daily reconciliation reads mint and burn events from an index, the kind we have built as subgraphs on The Graph since 2019.

“The onboarding flow we build requests the IBAN only after the customer has signed for the address that the IBAN's payments will be minted to.”

Safe accounts and chain indexing
120+EVM networks where we deployed and maintain Safe

A company treasury on a Safe binds its IBAN with an EIP-1271 signature from the Safe's owners, and each later payout is approved by its own signers. Our deployments cover Safe's contracts, indexing and interface.

20+protocol subgraphs authored and open-sourced

Mint and burn events indexed on each chain are the onchain half of a daily e-money reconciliation. Our open-source subgraphs index Maker, Curve, UMA, Lens and Compound governance, among others.

FAQ

What is a wallet-linked IBAN?
A wallet-linked IBAN is a euro account number in the customer's own name whose incoming SEPA payments arrive as e-money tokens at a blockchain address the customer controls, and whose payouts start from an order signed in that wallet. Monerium also calls it a Web3 IBAN or an IBAN for wallets. The token is e-money from a credit institution or an e-money institution, redeemable at par at any time, and in a self-custody design the customer alone holds the keys.
Who needs a license in a wallet-linked IBAN flow?
In a wallet-linked IBAN flow, the license sits with the institution that issues the token and holds the account. MiCA lets only credit institutions and e-money institutions issue e-money tokens (Article 48(1)). The issuer issues at par on receipt of funds and must redeem at par, at any time and free of charge (Article 49), and the IBAN comes from that institution or its partner bank. Protofire builds and runs the software and never holds the funds or the customers' keys, a position PSD2 places outside payment services for technical service providers (Article 3(j)). Whether relaying a customer-signed order is a crypto-asset transfer service is unsettled and needs counsel's opinion per jurisdiction.
Can a payment institution or fintech offer wallet-linked IBANs without an e-money license?
A payment institution or fintech can offer wallet-linked IBANs without an e-money license by distributing a licensed issuer's accounts and token under its own brand. The E-Money Directive lets an e-money institution distribute and redeem e-money through persons acting on its behalf, though not issue it through agents (Article 3(4) and (5)). MiCA also lets another firm offer an issuer's e-money token with the issuer's written consent (Article 48(1)). Monerium's Whitelabel plan works this way: the partner runs onboarding, IBANs and payments through Monerium's API, passing identity data by KYC sharing or, where it holds the licenses for it, KYC reliance.
Is a crypto IBAN the same as a wallet-linked IBAN?
A crypto IBAN is one of the names products use for a wallet-linked IBAN, and it is easy to confuse with a virtual IBAN that converts euros into a stablecoin. A wallet-linked IBAN credits e-money that the account's own issuer mints at par, so the customer holds a claim on that issuer. A virtual IBAN with a conversion rule exchanges the incoming euros for a stablecoin, such as USDC or EURC, and delivers it to a registered wallet, as at Bridge and MoonPay Enterprise. That conversion is an exchange of funds for crypto-assets, a crypto-asset service under MiCA, and where the wallet is self-hosted both providers ask for evidence that the customer owns it; Bridge asks for a wallet ownership attestation on EUR and EURC transactions above EUR 1,000. Protofire builds conversion flows as on-ramp work, under crypto payments.
Can a customer get a euro IBAN for a self-custody wallet?
A customer can get a euro IBAN for a self-custody wallet through a wallet-linked IBAN. After KYC with the issuing institution, often inside a partner's app, the customer signs a fixed message with the wallet's key to prove control of the address, and the institution then provisions an IBAN in the customer's name whose incoming SEPA payments are minted to that address. The keys stay with the customer, and every payout starts from an order the wallet signs.
Does the Travel Rule cover transfers to a self-hosted wallet?
The Travel Rule covers transfers to and from self-hosted wallets in the EU and, since 24 June 2025, in the rest of the EEA. Under the Transfer of Funds Regulation, a crypto-asset service provider sending to a self-hosted address must obtain and hold originator and beneficiary information. Above EUR 1,000 it must also take adequate measures to assess whether its customer owns or controls the address (Article 14(5), applying since 30 December 2024), and Article 16(2) sets the same check for transfers received from one. Among the methods in the EBA's Travel Rule guidelines is a specific message the customer signs with the address's key, which a wallet-linked IBAN collects at binding. The ownership methods the EBA lists, and which vendors offer which, are compared in our EU Travel Rule guide.
Do EMIs have to support SEPA Instant and Verification of Payee?
E-money institutions in the euro area have to offer both sending and receiving of SEPA Instant credit transfers by 9 April 2027 under the Instant Payments Regulation. Those in EU countries outside the euro area receive from that date and send from 9 July 2027. Verification of Payee, the name check before a credit transfer, applies to euro-area payment service providers from 9 October 2025 and elsewhere in the EU from 9 July 2027. Unlike the instant-payment article, Article 5c, which sets those dates, has no separate date for e-money institutions. The Commission's Q&A on the regulation confirms that the payee check applies to e-money and payment institutions too. The regulation is not yet part of the EEA Agreement, so these dates do not yet bind issuers in Iceland, Norway or Liechtenstein.
Can a smart account such as Safe hold a wallet-linked IBAN?
A smart account such as Safe can hold a wallet-linked IBAN, because ownership can be proved with a contract signature. The Safe's owners sign the binding message up to the threshold, and the issuer confirms it by calling the Safe's isValidSignature function under EIP-1271. Monerium documents this flow, and Safe's developer documentation shows the Safe signing the binding and later payment orders. Any smart account that implements EIP-1271 can bind the same way, and each later payout from a Safe is approved by its own signers.
What happens if a customer loses access to the bound wallet?
A customer who loses access to the wallet bound to a wallet-linked IBAN keeps the IBAN. Once the customer proves ownership of a new address with a fresh signature, the institution re-binds the IBAN and later payments are minted there; Monerium's API moves an existing IBAN to a different address or chain this way. Tokens already at the old address need a recovery path of their own: the wallet's, such as replacing a lost signer on a Safe with the remaining owners, or, where the issuer offers one, the issuer's. Monerium's EURe white paper says it can, in certain circumstances, help customers recover EURe at an address whose keys were lost, and the EURe contract has a recover function, callable only by Monerium's system accounts, that moves a bound address's balance to another address.
Which parts of a wallet-linked IBAN system stay with the EMI's own team?
The parts of a wallet-linked IBAN system that stay with an e-money institution's own team are the ones it already runs: the SEPA connection, safeguarding and the AML stack. The new work is onchain: contract-signature checks for smart accounts, mint and burn requests that survive retries and chain reorganizations, supply indexed on every chain, and on-call cover for networks that run all night. A team that already runs smart contracts in production can take that on itself. For a team that does not, Protofire builds the onchain part against the systems you already run, and the code and its documentation, runbooks included, are yours by contract and transfer to you with the engagement, as how we work sets out.

Get a proposal

Tell us what you are building. An engineer reads it, we have a short call, and the written proposal follows within one business day.

Hi, my name's

Luis Medeiros

Budget

I accept the
Privacy Policy
I agree to receive new research announcements as well as information about Protofire services and special offers

An NDA is available from the first message and can cover anything you share. How it works